What I learned from my favorite exhibit of 2022

My favorite exhibition I saw this year was Great Whales: Up Close and Personal at the Royal Ontario Museum (“the ROM”) in Toronto. Here’s my attempt to summarize key takeaways from its whale of an achievement.

  1. Say who’s speaking.

      Press the mute button on the all-knowing institutional voice and pass the mic to your subject experts. These intro panels with photos, bios, and quotes made me feel like I was getting a private walking tour of the exhibit.

      Exhibit intro wall panel that gives pictures and paragraph biographies for three experts who will speak throughout the exhibition.     Wall labels feature quotes from experts, including the expert's picture and a description of their relationship to the content.

    • Really include community stakeholders.

      As an outsider looking in, I’m not qualified to judge whether this exhibition was a “good” example of community involvement. But I’d like to recognize that the voices of Indigenous experts were utilized throughout the exhibit (not just acknowledged as a one-off at the beginning or end), and tobacco offering stations spoke directly to Indigenous visitors.

      Statement crediting input of Indigenous community experts near the start of the exhibit

              
    • Put numbers into perspective.

      “We lost 10% of a species, and that’s equivalent to humanity losing all the people of North and South America” says a lot more than “we lost 10% of the species.”




    • Take your labels from prose to poetry using the literary devices of consonance and assonance.


      Notice how many words in this label have “d” sounds, either with the letter “d” actually in the word or phonetically with double “t”s.

      “Dies…body….dense…bottom…down…cold, dark…depths. Does matter? Hundreds…deep-sea…decades.” (13/64 total words in the label = 20% of word count)

      We can do the same exercise with “L” sounds:

      “Whale fall…whale…falls…miles…whale…fall….minerals…cold…large whale fall…. (12/64 = 19% of word count)

      And “s” sounds:

      “Dies…its…is…so…dense…falls…ocean…sometimes…miles…brings…nutrients…minerals…ecosystem….ocean depths. Does…support hundreds…deep-sea species decades (21/64 = 33% of word count)

      Any of these combinations could stand alone as a poem in its own right, abstractly conveying the label’s message. Together, they flow into a readable label without being heavy-handed with alliteration.

    • Find piece harmony with your objects.

      One thing I learned from taking chess classes in high school (besides that I’m no good at chess), is the concept of “piece harmony.” There’s something that
      just looks right about a chess board where all the pieces are positioned to support each other. No knight is left unprotected, no pawn blocks another’s path.

      Great Whales gave us a masterful example of positioning the smallest objects in the exhibit (these specimen jars) right before one of the most shockingly large objects (the whale heart). The visitor doesn’t just read the message that big whales support small life–they feel it in their surroundings.

         

    • Answer the obvious question.


      “Why are they called GREAT whales?”

      “Is that REAL?”

      If there’s a question everyone will be asking, confront it head-on and answer it.

         

    • Speak to hope and action.

      Fear of loss catches attention, but doesn’t sustain long-term motivation. Inspire people to make a positive change by suggesting specific ways to help.

         

      Share relatable success stories.



    • Be up close and personal.


      The subtitle of the exhibition was “Up Close and Personal,” and that’s precisely where it took me.

      It taught me what we have in common with whales so I could relate to them as neighbors.



      It used sensory cues like smell to put me in the action of a salvage expedition.



      It even turned the assumed appeal of “up close and personal” on its head.

      No part of the exhibit stayed with me longer than the revelation that so few North Atlantic right whales remain, we can know them each by name and picture.

        

        

    I know you meant well. It’s time to stop managing unpaid interns.

    Unpaid internships often get talked about at the high level – what museums and boards and grant awarders and accreditation orgs and graduate programs and so on should do to put an end to them.

    Of course I agree with these sentiments, but this time I want to call upon a different, equally powerful audience to act. If you’re an entry-to-mid level museum worker who trains or manages interns as part of your day-to-day work, this one’s for you.

    Here’s what I ask of you:

    By this Labor Day, tell your boss that you’re no longer OK with managing unpaid interns.

    The time, energy, and resources you have put into developing your interns are real and probably have had real impact. With exposure to your training and network, your interns have honed their talents and perhaps even gone on to get great jobs.

    But these individual successes come at indefensible cost to the museum field and every worker in it, including your interns and yourself. This cost can be summed up in two points:

    1. While aspiring workers who can afford to forgo paid jobs for months at a time get ahead in their careers, others–disproportionately people of color–get shut out.
    2. Interns bring knowledge and skills to your museum from their education and prior work experiences. Valuing their abilities at zero lowers the bar for salaries for all your museum’s staff.

    Here are some better ways you can help aspiring museum workers start their careers:

    • Help them research paid positions where they can gain transferable skills for museum work, even if outside of museums.
    • When hiring for paid positions, evaluate applicants’ abilities based on transferable skills, even if gained outside of museums.
    • Coach them on improving cover letters, resumes, interviews, and salary negotiations.
    • Connect them to your professional network through email introductions, social media, and low cost community events such as happy hours.
    • Create volunteering opportunities at your museum that people can sustain alongside full time employment at other organizations–max 5 hours per week, flexible schedules.

    Have courage and raise this conversation with your boss this summer.

    Let me know how it goes.

    Why can’t museum apps be more like Wordle?

    The museums of the world have made a lot of bad apps. These failures have had enough collective negative impact on user trust to make some market experts, such as Colleen Dilenschneider, ponder whether the tainted reputation of museum apps can ever recover enough to allow any new app to succeed.

    Call me foolish for holding onto hope, but I’ve long believed that museums can make apps that people will love. However, these apps would have to look very different from the app most museums have on the market –you know, the one called “[Insert museum name] App” that features maps of the museum, what exhibits are on, and “read more” about what didn’t fit on the object label.

    What I’d like to see is for a museum to establish a brand as a producer, with a homegrown portfolio of mission-oriented, mobile-friendly experiences that audiences want to add to their day-to-day lives. For an example of what I mean by such a portfolio, download the New York Times Crossword app, and see how it builds the brand of The New York Times with its diverse offerings of wordplay games.

    …which brings me to Wordle. Wordle was recently acquired by the NYT for the Crossword App. It’s a perfect example of what a museum (or the NYT, for that matter) could have done, but didn’t. Still, museums have a great opportunity to learn from what Wordle got right and to apply these learnings to make equally compelling digital experiences for their audiences.

    Here’s a checklist of the qualities which I believe made Wordle a success and which would hold true for a great museum app:

    • People can use it every day.
    • It requires less than 10 minutes of attention per use.
    • It provides a predictable but slightly different experience each day (Wordle never changes its UI or what it asks users to do, but it also never repeats the same word).
    • It’s relevant to the organization’s mission, but it’s not about the organization and its stuff.1
    • It’s not trying to solve its organization’s problems (e.g. if your visitors are having trouble navigating your museum, a map app is no solution).
    • It doesn’t have to be an “app” – it’s better to make a mobile-friendly browser experience until you have enough of a portfolio to justify an app that lives on users’ phones.
    • Its branding allows flexibility to become a part of a larger digital experience portfolio (Calling it the “[museum name] app” puts all your eggs in one basket and leaves no room for new products)

    “What could an app that isn’t a Wordle-copycat look like?”, you might ask.

    My favorite example of a real product from a museum so far is the Carnegie Institute’s Dawn Chorus, an alarm clock app that lets you wake up every morning to recordings of bird calls from the collection of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

    Honorable mention goes to the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch, which helps you make informed choices regarding sustainable seafood when you’re on your phone at a restaurant. I don’t know how many people go out for seafood daily, but the ability to use this tool recurrently outside the aquarium and the fact that it’s a mobile-friendly website (no requirement to keep a mobile app on your phone) earns this one a pass on the “can be used every day” check.

    Here are a few more possibilities I can imagine:

    • For a science museum: a tracker app (à la diet/fitness apps) that helps you monitor your environmental footprint–how much trash/recycling/compost did I create today? How much water did I conserve?
    • For a local historical society: a mobile-friendly interface that lets you submit one photo or question a day about something you’ve seen around town, and the museum replies with a photo or comment that’s relevant to it (akin to Ask Brooklyn Museum in spirit, but the key here is making it usable outside a museum’s own space)
    • For an art museum: a learn-to-draw or -paint app that gives you one new drawing or painting, which can be completed in less than 10 minutes, to do on your phone each day

    1. For Wordle, “organization” refers to The New York Times.

    Sites of slavery shouldn’t be called “historic homes.”

    Before white supremacists converged on Thomas Jefferson’s hometown earlier this month, Jefferson was already enmeshed in a controversy about the news that Monticello is restoring a room to include more of Sally Hemings’ story. Widely circulated pieces by journalists like Britni Danielle and Shaun King have since responded to the rhetoric of calling Hemings Jefferson’s “mistress” and American society’s clemency for Jefferson.

    While focused on Monticello, these critiques broach an issue at greater scale throughout the United States. We should be talking more about the problem that nearly all historic sites that once had slavery were preserved not because they were sites of slavery, but because they were impressive homes of white slaveowners.1

    Many historic sites have begun teaching about enslaved peoples through tours, special programs, and signage—but these efforts remain auxiliary to the core mission of educating about the historic home and homeowners. Monticello doesn’t even mention slavery in its mission statement. In case you’re wondering, Mount Vernon doesn’t either.

    Briefly set aside any familiarity you have with historic homes and take a few moments to consider how absurd this convention really is. Here’s an exercise you might do:

    // Think of a site of crimes against humanity outside the United States that you can visit as a tourist today. Could you imagine this place:

    • Having been saved as a historic site for a reason besides remembering the crimes against humanity and people harmed there?
    • Being marketed and most commonly known as the home or workplace of [name of oppressor]?
    • Telling visitors that [name of oppressor] had a complicated relationship with the people they harmed, and visitors can opt to take a separate tour about those people while they’re there?
    • Selling postcards and other souvenirs showcasing the beauty of their architecture or landscaping?
    • Hosting weddings, anniversaries, baby showers, and other joyful events?
    • Being mirrored by sites matching these criteria throughout its nation or region with a frequency and ubiquity comparable to historic sites in the United States that once held enslaved people?

    If you’ve answered “yes” to all of these, I’d be grateful if you would comment. As it stands, I’m unaware of a phenomenon quite like this existing anyplace else. //

    Being a white person, I can’t understand or speak for the stories of enslaved people. Yet, being a Jewish person, some part of the mistreatment of these sites feels personal. A Holocaust museum is meaningless if the nation it’s in denies reverence to its own sites of oppression. If all oppression is interconnected, then disrespect for one site of crimes against humanity must put the authority of all of them at stake.

    Influenced by scholarship and movements led by museum workers of color, many historic homes (Monticello included) have set aims to tell their sites’ “complete” stories by integrating more information about enslaved people into their interpretations.2 These efforts are often called steps in the right direction, but I’m concerned they may be off-target in addressing the problem. The issue isn’t that these sites are failing to tell the whole story. It’s that they’re still telling the wrong story.

    Maris Jones once wrote, “Our trauma is not an accessory.” Her sentiment, while expressed in a different context, makes plain why inserting stories of slavery into the existing narrative is insufficient. If Black stories can “complete” a site telling white stories, but not the other way around, then the Black stories are being used to accessorize the white stories at their own expense. Treating Black people as supporting characters for white people is counterproductive to teaching about slavery. Similarly, trauma isn’t a puzzle piece that completes the oppressor’s story. It doesn’t exist to complicate visitors’ understanding of the esteemed slave owner. Museums and historic homes shouldn’t be talking about the slave owners in the first place.

    Aside from the moral question of whether these people deserve to be remembered, there’s a tactical question of whether interpreting them through their property is even a tenable mission for historic homes. It’s not always obvious to me how seeing a famous figure’s house and personal effects helps visitors understand the significance of their work and contributions to society. By comparison, interpreting the evidence the house bears to crimes against humanity and the lives of people who were enslaved there is unquestionably relevant to the place being preserved.

    My most recent experience touring one of these houses happened about a year ago. The docent began with a biography of the (white) homeowner, gave a who’s-who of consecutive (white) tenants, and concluded with a tour of the house’s slave quarters. It took me some time to process how readily it was taken for granted that white people belonged in the story. If the homeowner is so unknown that a docent has to tell visitors who they were, there’s a good chance they don’t need to be mentioned at all.

    Some would probably argue that visitor expectations make omitting narratives about slave owners impossible—anyone touring a house would want to know who owned it. But visitor expectations of hearing this trivia more often indicate when sites are failing to define or communicate their real significance. Many docents at natural history and art museums, for instance, don’t include details like who built the museum and what year it was built in their tour scripts. When the mission to teach about art or natural history is clear to visitors, they are more prepared to expect that a tour will focus on these subjects.

    To clarify their purpose for visitors (and staff), historic homes might reexamine what 1-2 aspects of their site most make it worth saving. In doing so, I think many would find a gross discrepancy between the people they’ve been featuring and those who matter.

    So what does Monticello’s mission tell us about how the site perceives its value? It’s unlikely that seeing Thomas Jefferson’s bed and tea cups teaches visitors much about the Declaration of Independence or his Presidency. This suggests the site is still telling his story out of belief that it’s important for people to know who he was as a person and, by extension, what kind of person founded America.

    Herein lies the problem: there are hundreds of historic homes all exhibiting the wealth and power of the same kind of person across the country. Even if all of these sites individually have good intent, collectively they convey that only this kind of person could have had the means to make an impact worthy of national memory.

    We can remember this when we ask why white visitors are drawn to seeing the wealth of these sites even when artifacts of that wealth don’t serve the educational mission the site claims. We can remember it when we ask why knowing what kinds of linens Jefferson owned is considered valuable information in the course of American history. And we can remember it when we ask why white supremacists found symbolic value in meeting at Jefferson’s hometown.

    Peggy McIntosh once described an example of white privilege: “When I am told about our national heritage or about ‘civilization,’ I am shown that people of my color made it what it is.” If being told that people of your color built your nation is an indicator of privilege, then sites like Monticello must ask what it means to be the ones doing the telling.

    Footnotes:
    1. Nearly, not all. There are some notable exceptions, such as the Whitney Plantation in Louisiana.
    2. It would be impossible to cite all influential scholarship and movements here, but a few examples include Black Lives Matter, #MuseumsRespondToFerguson, #BlkTwitterstorians, Visitors of Color, The Incluseum, Museum Hue, and the Brown Girls Museum Blog. For more examples, see this list of publications compiled by La Tanya S. Autry.

    Special thanks to Camille Bethune Brown, nikhil trivedi, and Jordan Thibodeau for their helpful input for writing this post.

    The thing great museum experiences have in common

    Have you ever compared your top few museum experiences to find what they had in common?

    I remember a conversation like this coming up in a discussion at the National Museum of American History when I was an intern there in 2012. Curators throughout the room raised their hands to share which museum they thought “does it best.” After the fifth person said the US Holocaust Memorial & Museum (USHMM), someone said something different. “Sure, we’d love to use the USHMM’s model,” they said, “but they only have one story they need to tell whereas we have hundreds.”

    Storytelling is a hot topic in museums now, and I’m sure it’s part of why many of the curators admired the USHMM experience. After all, the museum is a linear path on a timeline telling the global story of events preceding the Holocaust to its aftermath. Then there are more personal stories worked in, such as the cards visitors receive describing a person from the time period and revealing their story as the exhibition progresses.

    I’m a fan of the museum, but I’m unconvinced that its impact has much of anything to do with its storytelling. Plenty of museums and exhibitions have done a remarkable job of telling stories, but those weren’t the first examples jumping to curators’ minds in the meeting. My theory on what makes the USHMM stand out is the universally perplexing nature of its topic. At some point, everyone who learns about genocide experiences a sense of bewilderment about how, even when empowered by democracy, people can do such evils to other people. In other words, the USHMM isn’t effective because it’s somehow better than all other museums at telling stories or because it only has one story to tell. It’s because its visitors all share one very powerful question.

    In searching my mental archives of exhibitions that have held meaning for me over the years, I found this central element of a “universally human” question to be a common thread. The title of this blog pokes a bit of fun at how dinosaurs are crowd-pleasers and the ultimate museum fail-safe. But dinosaurs fit this pattern too. Who hasn’t held a question, at some point in their lives, about what the world was like before humans or what other great beings exist(ed) besides us?

    Another example, the recent Wonder exhibition at the Smithsonian American Art Museum tapped into the question of why do we seek, wonder, and marvel at things beyond ourselves. In visiting the exhibition, I found a place and time to meditate on the question I had previously only experienced as a fleeting curiosity. Each new artwork and gallery challenged and expanded the theories that I had built in the one before.

    I’m not sure whether this idea holds value for museums. Many already theme their exhibitions around questions. However, I’d argue that it’s less common for these questions to be relevant to all visitors (contributing to systemic exclusion of undervalued audiences). It’s also less common for orgs to choose these questions because visitors are already asking them. Often the opposite is true; exhibition developers hope to open visitors’ minds to new ideas and enable them to ask deeper, more informed questions. All of that in consideration, maybe visitor research would reveal there are no such questions that everyone asks, and my own biases distort my perspective on the universality of the questions I listed as examples here.

    What I can surmise at a personal level is that the most memorable exhibitions I’ve seen aren’t the ones that have told me stories, or taught me things, or inspired me to ask new questions. They’re the ones that let me enter and leave with the same question, but provided a well-stocked sanctuary for asking it again.

    A 3-Part Design Sprint

    I enjoyed reading a recent post by Nina Simon that asked, “What Does a Great Distributed Digital Museum Experience Look Like?.” It’s a good question because museum products, especially digital ones, often have a predictable set of functions and features. So I’d like to offer museum professionals the following three-part design challenge:

    Design a product or experience…
    Challenge A) while assuming users already know all of the information you plan to teach.
    If every visitor/user was an expert of your topic, would there still be a worthwhile experience you could offer them? What would it look like?
    Challenge B) that performs your mission but offers no information about your institution.
    Museum apps and websites almost always feature information about wayfinding, collections, planning a visit, and other happenings around the museum. Can you dream up a product that fits with your mission but isn’t about your organization and its stuff?
    Challenge C) that you, personally, would use at least once a day for a week.
    Can you make a product that begs repeat use even by the people who know your material inside and out?

    When Free Admission Fails: Try “Social” Entry Fees?

    A Brown Girls Museum Blog post by Amanda Figueroa recently inspired me. In it, Figueroa questions why she gets free museum access with her Harvard student ID. Admission costs are often the nth paper cut for people of color. Privileging visitors who have higher education and elite affiliations, Figueroa observes, raises additional barriers.

    Data from museums that have waived their admission fees reveal even more complications. Opposite from their usual intention, free-admission days have been found to attract routine museum audiences instead of underserved ones.

    It’s no surprise that eliminating entry fees failed to dismantle other barriers preventing inclusion. Yet I am curious about whether pricing models can be reimagined to engage target audiences better than free days.

    Common pricing models promote attendance by favoring social relationships. Children get discounts so that families can afford to visit together. Many museums hope that students receiving discounts will generate buzz and bring their friends. The Art Institute of Chicago’s student membership, for example, includes admission for a guest.

    This raises a few questions:

    1. Can cultural organizations make paying, or not paying, for admission a rewarding, social experience?
    2. Can organizations create groupings that target their audiences better than conventional groups (like students)?
    3. Can museums use discounts in a way that entertains individuals, gives them confidence that they and their social groups are wanted, and excites them to involve their groups?

    Here are some ideas of what this could look like:

    • “Neighborhood days” with free/discounted admission for residents of certain areas.
    • Free/discounted admission for people with certain traits or stuff (e.g. anyone named “Michael,” anyone who shows a copy of an old family recipe, etc.) and their guests. The Charles M. Schulz Museum, for instance, offers free admission to redheads on Valentine’s Day.
    • Free admission for a raffle winner and half-price admission for up to five guests.
    • Tickets that teachers can award students, and a reward (such as a private tour) for the student’s family when they visit.

    As the data about free admission days suggests, revising admission prices will have small, if any, impacts on inclusion. Adjusting such a specific area of institutional practice will not produce organization-wide changes. Where experiential entry fees may help, however, is in shifting mindsets around whom museums involve and how. Cultural organizations now know that extending a free invitation for whomever accepts doesn’t work. Maybe refocusing attention on the relationships underserved patrons have with each other can be a step toward shaping spaces that they can enjoy together.

    I want to hear what you think. What do you see as limitations of rethinking admission prices? What can cultural organizations do to make the price of admission more equitable?

    The Next Museum Tech Professional Won’t Work for a Museum

    I’m heading to New Orleans in a few weeks for the Museum Computer Network (MCN) conference. The event often yields many theories about the future of the museum tech profession. If the message matters more than the medium, should museums even have departments specific to digital media? Do museums still need digital strategies and strategists? At what point is the education staffer who posts to social media considered a tech specialist? Does MCN have a FAQ page for these?

    In the spirit of the season, I’d like to put forth a prediction early. More and more, museums are seeing themselves as nodes within the network of their cities and communities. A growing number of for-profit ventures, such as Google Arts & Culture and Museum Hack, are offering services across a variety of museums. Sree Srinivasan was recently appointed chief digital officer of New York City. Museum Studies programs are producing more graduates than museums can employ.

    In light of these trends, I believe the museum industry will soon see a new wave of jobs emerge outside of museums themselves. New digital strategy roles will aim to connect content across organizations and create distributed cultural experiences across cities. Most of these positions will be created by corporations, for-profit consulting firms, and local governments. But some museums will follow suit by creating roles favoring experience with community partnerships, transmedia, and professional backgrounds outside of the museum sector. For years, we have said that digital media can extend experiences “beyond museum walls.” Has the time come for tech workers to be beyond the walls as well?

    About WND

    Dinosaurs are many museums’ secret weapons. But why shouldn’t all parts of our organizations —exhibits, digital media, collections, and staff — share the potential to enchant audiences time after time without fail? This blog relates my thoughts about how museums can use their assets to fulfill their missions, improve their operations, bring value to their audiences, and create “dino”mite secret weapons along the way.

    About the Author: Smiling woman with red hairHi, I’m Cait Reizman. I worked with a variety of cultural organizations while earning my M.A. in Museum Studies, and now I’m a digitization program manager at Google. Why not get in touch? Add a comment to any blog post, find me on Twitter @MuseumAdvocait, or email cait@whynotdinosaurs.com.

    Disclaimer: Ideas shared on this blog are my personal opinions and do not represent the views of my current or past employers.